Any such additional sections are not supposed to be there.
They are also not visible to the visitor probably because the JavaScript code applies the fade-in animation to the first such set and it is not expecting more of them.
However, the still take up space.
This is inside a closed shadow DOM so I can’t just remove them with JavaScript or hide them with CSS.
The attached screenshot is from Chrome if that matters.
Yes, I am using the Stiletto theme. However, the liquid code I posted is the only one that adds the checkout buttons here.
Also, everything is inside the shadow DOM so I think it isn’t possible for any JavaScript theme files to somehow manipulate the markup unless I am missing something.